What Is The Name Of The Energy Molecule Used In Animal Cells

34.2B: Food Energy and ATP

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Animals use energy for metabolism, obtaining that energy from the breakdown of food through the procedure of cellular respiration.

Learning Objectives

• Summarize the means in which animals obtain, shop, and employ food free energy

Primal Points

• Animals obtain energy from the food they eat, using that free energy to maintain trunk temperature and perform other metabolic functions.
• Glucose, found in the food animals consume, is broken down during the process of cellular respiration into an energy source called ATP.
• When excess ATP and glucose are present, the liver converts them into a molecule chosen glycogen, which is stored for later utilise.

Fundamental Terms

• glucose: a simple monosaccharide (sugar) with a molecular formula of C6H12O6; it is a chief source of energy for cellular metabolism
• adenosine triphosphate: a multifunctional nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme, often called the "molecular unit of energy currency" in intracellular energy transfer
• phosphodiester: whatever of many biologically agile compounds in which 2 alcohols form ester bonds with phosphate

Food Free energy and ATP

Animals need food to obtain energy and maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the power of a arrangement to maintain a stable internal environment even in the face of external changes to the environment. For instance, the normal body temperature of humans is 37°C (98.6°F). Humans maintain this temperature even when the external temperature is hot or common cold. The free energy information technology takes to maintain this body temperature is obtained from food.

The primary source of energy for animals is carbohydrates, primarily glucose: the body's fuel. The digestible carbohydrates in an animal'southward nutrition are converted to glucose molecules and into energy through a series of catabolic chemical reactions.

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the main free energy currency in cells. ATP stores energy in phosphate ester bonds, releasing energy when the phosphodiester bonds are broken: ATP is converted to ADP and a phosphate group. ATP is produced past the oxidative reactions in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion of the prison cell, where carbohydrates, proteins, and fats undergo a series of metabolic reactions collectively called cellular respiration.

Effigy \(\PageIndex{i}\): ATP production pathways: ATP is the free energy molecule of the jail cell. It is produced through diverse pathways during the cellular respiration process, with each making dissimilar amounts of energy.

ATP is required for all cellular functions. Information technology is used to build the organic molecules that are required for cells and tissues. It also provides energy for muscle contraction and for the transmission of electrical signals in the nervous system. When the corporeality of ATP available is in excess of the body's requirements, the liver uses the backlog ATP and excess glucose to produce molecules chosen glycogen (a polymeric form of glucose) that is stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells. When blood sugar drops, the liver releases glucose from stores of glycogen. Skeletal muscle converts glycogen to glucose during intense exercise. The procedure of converting glucose and excess ATP to glycogen and the storage of excess energy is an evolutionarily-important stride in helping animals deal with mobility, food shortages, and famine.

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